This research has 3 objectives including (1) study the socio-economic of chemical and organic farmers, (2) to analyze the comparison of health cost of two groups of respondents and (3) to analyze the comparison of cost and returns of rice plantation of these two groups in upper northern of Thailand: a case of chemical substance application rice farmers in Dok Kham Tai district and Baan Dokbua organic rice farmers in Muang district, Phayao province. The results of socio-economic sector find that these two groups of respondents have the similar socio-economic data. Most of them are old men, primary school educational level and their main income are from their paddy fields as well as 21-40 yeas of rice plantation experience. In term of health cost, chemical farmers face the health problems, causing from chemicals uses in their fields, 8 times compare to organic rice plantation. The majority of health problems are itchy symptom, headache, fungus illness and numb, respectively. To analyze the comparison of cost and returns of rice plantation of these two groups find that chemical farmers receive higher total cost than organic farmers. Moreover, chemical farmers also get significantly higher cash and total returns than organic farmers however non-cash returns is quite similar between two groups.