The improvement of Sang Yod Phatthalung rice varieties to become non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, non-glutinous/glutinous and high nutritional value was conducted using hd1, hd2, hd4, hd5, sd1, fgr, wx and SSIIa markers by molecular marker-assisted backcrossing (MAB). Presented non-glutinous/glutinous, semi-dwarf, early flowering and aromatic rice can be grown throughout the year. Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-glutinous and glutinous rice for two new varieties will be registered by PVP law, plant species royal decree act of 1999 in 2020 budget. Data for growth characteristics of 8 rice lines of non-glutinous and 2 rice lines of glutinous were collected, including the full tillering stage (i.e. leaf hair, shape of the tongue leaf and leaf cladding color), flowering phase (i.e. stem diameter, banded, 50% flowering days, color of the female stamens, plant height, number of panicles, corner of the flag leaf and emergence of the sheaves), maturity (i.e. seed loss, sheaves, harvest date and length of the panicles) and after harvest (i.e. paddy weight of 1000 grains, paddy color, type of grain, brown rice shape, amylose content, gelatinization temperature, gel consistency, aroma and resistance to disease and pests). Pure lines were produced for two seasons; rainy season 2019 and dry season 2020.
Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-glutinous rice showed 75% of flowering days in 113 and 114 days, while the number of anticipated breeder seeds were selected with 53 and 130 plants, respectively.
Sang Yod Phatthalung with glutinous rice showed 75% flowering days in 102 and 99 days while the number of anticipated breeder seeds were selected with 35 and 123 plants, respectively.
Moreover, Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-glutinous and glutinous rice was grown in rainy season 2019 at Maejo University organic farm in accordance with USDA and IFOAM standard. The yield of Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-glutinous/glutinous showed 309-647 kg/rai. Rice shapes including paddy width, paddy length, paddy thickness, width of the grain brown rice, length of brown rice seeds and thickness of the grain brown rice were 1.70-1.80, 8.30-9.80, 1.60-1.70, 1.70-1.80, 5.90-6.80 and 1.40-1.60 mm., respectively. As for the yield in the dry season 2019, the milling characteristics of Sang Yod Phatthalung rice seed varieties to become non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, non-glutinous/glutinous and high nutritional value were not chalky grain, with 68.61-85.48% of whole kernels and 14.95–31.77 % of broken rice. Physical characteristics of the seed, the length of the grain was between 5.79 - 6.69 mm. classified as short to class 2 long grain or long grain, and a slender grain shape with the ratio of length to width between 3.64 - 4.10 mm. In terms of chemical characteristics, the flow gel distance was between 27.83 - 84.17 mm and classified as hard to soft-cooked flour. Elongation rate of cooked rice was between 1.33 - 1.54. The percentage amylose content was 3.7 - 23.35 %, classified as glutinous rice and medium amylose non-glutinous rice. The decomposition value in a 1.7% KOH alkali solution was between 2 – 7, categorized as in low to high decomposition level. In addition, it contains aromatic substances (2AP) between 1.16 - 3.17 ppm.The nutritional quality revealed 0.29-0.39 mg of vitamin E, 0.34-0.41 mg of vitamin B1, 1.31-1.72 mg of iron, 0.39-0.96 mg of zinc, 0.14-0.24 mg of copper, 31-53 mcg of folate and 618.08-802.54 mg/kg of gamma oryzanol whereas no total anthocyanin (peonidin), carotenoid lutein and beta-carotene were detected. Moreover, Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-glutinous/glutinous rice displayed a total antioxidant active (ORAC) at 13,294.19-17,0330 ?moles TE, total antioxidant active (FRAP) at 2,507.09-3,516.61 ?moles TE, total polyphenol at 384.84-565.69 mg eq GA, total anthocyanin (cyanidin, peonidin) at 7.91-12.99 mg and total anthocyanin (cyanidin) at 7.91-12.91 mg.
And the registration of the new plant variety, in terms of selection, reservation and collection for local and forest plants, will be filed according to Section 52 of Plant Variety Protection Act B.E. 2542. Moreover, the agreement with Plant Variety Protection Division, Department of Agriculture was made regarding the benefits shared from Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, non-glutinous rice (namely Maejo 23) and Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, glutinous rice (namely Maejo 24). It was successfully completed until the end of the procedure. Successively, the fifth step to apply for the registration of a new plant variety and to apply for certification of registered plant variety with Plant Variety Protection Division, Department of Agriculture was made. In which, the characteristics of the variety will be used for the submission of Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, non-glutinous rice (namely Maejo 23) were as follows; semi-dwarf, erect clump, diameter of the stem was 4.16 mm, height of the trunk to the rice neck was 66 cm., leaf blade: pubescence of surface some weak, cleft leaf: shape of ligule cleft , green leaf sheath, white stamens and corner of the flag leaf was erect, 50% flowering days in dry season was 118 days and 111 days in rainy season. A lot of panicle base showed 16 panicles per plant. Harvest maturity in dry season was 148 days and 141 days in rainy season. Length of panicles was 27.65 cm. Paddy was straw color. Mean of shape including width of paddy, length of paddy, thickness of paddy, width of the grain brown rice, length of brown rice seeds and thickness of the grain brown rice were 9.90, 2.00, 1.70, 6.55, 1.65 and 1.53 mm., respectively. Seeds was slender (length-to-width ratio was 3.97). One thousand grain weight (14% moisture) was 17 g. Number of spikelets per panicle was 182 seeds, seed set was 82 % and seed loss was 6-25 %. Amylose content was 11.55% and with low gelatinization temperature. Seed decomposition value (1.7%KOH) was 7.0. Concentration of 2AP was 2.77 ppm. Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, glutinous rice (namely Maejo 24) characteristics that will be used for registration were as follows; semi-dwarf, erect clump, diameter of the stem was 4.71 mm., height of the trunk to the rice neck was 62 cm., leaf blade: pubescence of surface some weak, cleft leaf: shape of ligule cleft , green leaf sheath, white stamens and erected corner of the flag leaf. Fifty percent flowering days in dry season was 99 days and 104 days in rainy season. A lot of panicle base showed 16 panicles per plant. Harvest maturity in dry season was 129 days and 134 days in rainy season. Length of panicles was 24 cm. Paddy was straw color. Means of shapes including width of paddy, length of paddy, thickness of paddy, width of the grain brown rice, length of brown rice seeds and thickness of the grain brown rice were 10.00, 2.05, 1.70, 6.65, 1.70 and 1.50 mm., respectively. Seed was slender (length-to-width ratio was 3.91). A thousand grain weight (14% moisture) was 17 g. Number of spikelets per panicle were 219 seeds with 84 % seed set and 6-25 % seed loss. Amylose content was at 6.48% and with low gelatinization temperature. Seed decomposition value (1.7%KOH) was 7.0. Concentration of 2AP was 2.84 ppm. Breeder seeds were produced for this season. Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, non-glutinous rice (namely Maejo 23) showed 75% of flowering days in 108 days, while a number of breeder seeds were selected with 142 plants and Sang Yod Phatthalung with non-photoperiod sensitive, semi-dwarf, aromatic, red, glutinous rice (namely Maejo 24) showed 75% of flowering days in 95 days, while a number of breeder seeds were selected with 214 plants.